Specific atoms attach together in specific orders and with specific bonds, becoming miracle molecules like proteins, with specific functions. To the side, you see the internal structures of the atoms that compose a molecule.

Three-dimensional structure of the protein cytochrome-c

In essence, the probability of the formation of a cytochrome-C sequence is zero... Otherwise, some metaphysical powers beyond our definition must have acted to form it, but to accept the latter explanation is not appropriately scientific. We thus must look into the first hypothesis. 3
In another chapter of his book, Demirsoy refers to the probability of cytochrome-C—an essential protein for life—forming coincidentally is "as unlikely as the possibility of a monkey writing the history of humanity on a typewriter without making any mistakes." 4

Coincidences can never produce a superior, complex design. To say that molecules such as proteins came into being by chance is even more illogical than claiming that a collection of rocks became a statue under the effects of random erosion, or that the waves beating on the seacost turned it into a marina.

The picture at the top left is a camera designed to imitate the human eye. The high-tech camera pictured above consists of hundreds of components. Imagine the best quality image you can obtain with it. Quite often, there will be blurring when your hand shakes. Inevitably that image's colors will never be exactly the same as they really appear. Now imagine the image that forms in your eye, consisting solely of proteins and fats. There is never any blurring or shake in that image. Neither does the focus ever go wrong. The colors are always accurate. It is a completely illogical to claim that unconscious atoms by chance began to transmit an image of such quality, which thousands of scientists, technical experts and engineers have been unable to reproduce. Clearly the eye was created, together with all its components, by a superior Creator.


For example, the protein rhodopsin permits the eye to react to light. The slightest defect in the structure of rhodopsin will impair this process. Similarly, defects in the structure of proteins in the retina's cone cells (which enable the perception of color) will prevent the sufferer from being able to see in color. Another example is cataracts, which develop when the protein melanin is unable to protect the eye from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays.

As you can see from these examples, proteins must possess the most appropriate molecular structures if they are to perform their essential duties. Therefore, it is equally essential that the amino acid molecules composing the proteins should also be in their ideal forms. Just as with proteins, detailed systems and flawless functions prevail in the structure of these amino acids.

The Order in Amino Acids

Proteins consist of molecules known as amino acids. Although smaller than proteins, amino acids still exhibit rather complex structures.

The atoms comprising amino acids fall into three separate categories: the amino group, the carboxyl group and the side chain or radical group. The amino and carboxyl groups are the same in all amino acids.

In the same way that various materials are used to produce a machine, there need to be components of various different properties in the protein "machines" if these are to perform their exceedingly complex functions in the body. In the side chain amino acids, the form, number and sequence of atoms, their electrical charges and diverse hydrogen binding capacities all endow the amino acids with considerable variety. And from this widely diverse material are produced widely different proteins. For instance, whether amino acids can dissolve in water or not depends on whether the side chain groups have a positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charge, or else no charge at all.

Amino acids with different properties line up alongside one another in different sequences, permitting the proteins that result to perform an astonishing range of functions in the body. However, the amino acids present in living structures are very special. Although more than 200 amino acids are found in nature, no more than 20 of them are found in proteins.

Left: Side chain amino acid chain with helix. Top: Side chain amino acid chain with layer.

In theory, one would expect the number of amino acids in nature to be far more than 200. Even in human body, many amino acids not used in human proteins are used in the body's metabolic functions. Why, therefore, do proteins select only 20 amino acids when so many are more available?

We can answer this question by examining proteins' functions and structures. In order to perform their functions essential to life, proteins need to possess specific features, and amino acids are one of the main elements that give them those properties. For instance, it is essential that an amino acid possess hydrophobic (or water-repellent) side chains. But these side chains must not be very large, or else it will be impossible to pack and install them inside the proteins.

The amino acid structure of the protein collagen is seen. As you see, one of each three amino acids is glycine (gly). Being very small, glycine is the most suitable amino acid for the structure of collagen.

Side chains must also possess two features known as helix and layered formations. Thanks to these, a protein can assume a three-dimensional form, and these are also essential for the protein to work properly.

Research has shown that of the 20 amino acids used in proteins, most are hydrophobic side chains. Half possess a-helix properties and the other half, b-layer properties.

Examine the properties of these 20 amino acids one by one, and you can understand why they have been specially selected for proteins. For instance, even glycine—the smallest and simplest amino acid—has a very important role to play in collagen, which is one of the most important proteins. If the three amino acids that comprise collagen, one is glycine. Its small dimensions play an important role in the structure of collagen, by permitting the chains comprising the protein to bind tightly together, which increases the resistance of the collagen fibers. Collagen fibers have been determined to have greater tensile strength than steel. If another side-chain amino acid were used in place of glycine, the resulting collagen fibers could not possess the same level of tensile strength. At the same time, were it not for glycine, the collagen fibers would also lack enough strength to bind cells to one another.

As you can see from this brief description, there is a consciousness and planning behind the selection of these 20 specific amino acids from among the 200 occurring naturally. Had this selection taken place at random, then the proteins necessary for life could never have formed. If only a single amino acid were any different from how it needs to be, a vital function would collapse, and life would therefore become impossible.
As you have seen, there are conscious systems, rational selection, and order in every phase of life.
As research has shown, it is not enough for amino acids to combine in different numbers and sequences to form proteins. All 20 of these amino acids must also be left-handed.

Of every amino acid found in nature, there are two different types: right-handed and left-handed. Each type is an opposite mirror image of the other, though all their other properties remain the same, just like right- and left-hand gloves.

In nature there are two kinds of amino acids: right- handed and left-handed. The amino acids that constitute proteins must all be left-handed.

The reason for this is that in one of the twin amino acids, a carbon atom binds to the amino group from the left and in the other one, from the right, which explains why the twin amino acids are called right-handed and left-handed. In nature, both types of amino acids are found in large quantities and in the same proportions. Each type of amino acid can just as easily form various compounds by entering into chemical reactions. In short, the only difference between the two lies in their different symmetry.

However, scientists discovered that the proteins in living things consisted only of left-handed amino acids. Not a single right-handed amino acid is found in any living structure.
More detailed studies discovered the important reason why the amino acids constituting proteins are all left-handed. Just like their left-handed counterparts, right-handed amino acids can combine with one another to form amino acid chains, but they prevent the resulting protein from assuming a three-dimensional shape. Yet —as you shall see in due course—in order for a protein to discharge its functions in living things, it absolutely must assume a three-dimensional form. It was realized that this being so, all amino acids had to be selected from among left-handed ones in order for a useful protein to emerge. The inclusion of even one right-handed amino acid would prevent the formation of a functional protein. The revelation that only left-handed amino acids form the proteins in living things poses a major difficulty for Darwinists. As you have seen, in order for proteins to form, the selection consists of several stages. First of all, the 20 correct left-handed amino acids need to be selected from the more than 200 varieties in existence. A single incorrect amino acid becoming involved in the process—or a single correct but right-handed one—will make the protein functionless and redundant. The Britannica Science Encyclopedia, an outspoken defender of evolution, states that the amino acids of all living organisms on earth and the building blocks of complex polymers such as proteins all share the same left-handed asymmetry. This, it adds, is tantamount to tossing a coin a million times and having it always come up heads. The Encyclopedia claims that it is impossible to understand why molecules become left-handed or right-handed, and that this choice is fascinatingly related to the origin of life on Earth. 5

It is as unlikely for all the amino acids making up proteins to be left-handed as it would be for a coin thrown into the air 10,000 times to always turn up heads.

Inasmuch as Darwinists maintain that chance constitutes the origin of life, they cannot understand how random events should make such obviously conscious and well-directed choices. In fact, however, not blind chance but Allah, our Superior Creator, makes these conscious choices. In order to reject the fact of Creation, Darwinists make irrational and illogical claims, suggesting that this selection is the work of "coincidences." According to their claim, the amino acids that comprise proteins—and the atoms that give rise to them—all accidently combined in the most appropriate manner to produce the proteins indispensable for life. No doubt, such a "scientific" claim exceeds the bounds of reason.
In fact, scientists estimate that the probability of a small protein being made up of left-handed amino acids alone is 1 in 10²¹⁰. In mathematics, a probability of 1 in 10⁵⁰ is regarded as zero. Since the number "10⁵⁰" is obtained by writing 1 followed by 50 zeros, the likelihood of 1 in such a large number is therefore itself zero. That being so, it is even more impossible for any event with a probability of only 1 in 10²¹⁰ (or 1 followed by 210 zeros) to actually occur. 6 The well-known chemist Walter T. Brown summarizes the impossibility of left-handed amino acids combining to form a single protein:
Each type of amino acid, when found in nonliving material or when synthesized in the laboratory, comes in two chemically equivalent forms. Half are right-handed, and half are left-handed—mirror images of each other. However, amino acids in life, including plants, animals, bacteria, molds, and even viruses, are essentially all left-handed. No known natural process can isolate either the left-handed or right-handed variety. The mathematical probability that chance processes could produce merely one tiny protein molecule with only left-handed amino acids is virtually zero. 7
The point here is that a conscious selection is taking place. Therefore, a conscious Will possessed of reason and information must be doing the "selecting." It's plain to see that this selection is performed by Allah, Who creates all living things within a given order, right down to their sub-atomic building blocks, and Who possesses a superior intellect, consciousness, knowledge and might. As Allah informs us in the Qur'an:

The Plan in the Amino Acid Sequences

Fulfilling all the conditions described so far is still not sufficient for the formation of proteins. For every protein, a particular amino acid sequence is required.

Amino acids combine together like the links in a chain. As soon as they do, they assume a different shape and enable the protein to assume a three-dimensional form. As you shall see in detail later on, in order for proteins to fulfill their responsibilities, they must have a three-dimensional shape. But for this to be so, not a single amino acid can be deficient in any way or exchange its place in the sequence with a different amino acid. The absence or impairment of a single component will ruin the harmony of the whole and make the protein's structure inoperable.

An amino acid chain shown with a side chain. If any of the amino acids in this chain changes place or is removed, the protein will cease to function. Therefore, the sequence here has formed not as a result of chance, but by design.

Similarly, changing a single letter in a word can change that word's meaning or make it totally meaningless. For example, the word "grand" written with a t instead of d will produce the word "grant," which has a completely different meaning. If the letter a is omitted from "grand," then the meaningless "grnd" results. The same applies to proteins. A single amino acid changing its position will impair the protein "meaning" and make it unable to function. In fact, the protein thus altered will become an entirely different molecule, because every amino acid endows the protein with a particular property, just as a change of letter adds a different significance to a word. With its shape, electrical charge, and manner of entering into chemical reactions, every amino acid resembles a different letter.
Mediterranean anemia, a genetic form of cancer, is an example of the kind of damage caused by the faulty or deficient writing of an amino acid. It is known that erythrocytes in the blood carry oxygen to all the cells in our bodies. The oxygen molecules are transported by the protein called hemoglobin, which is found in erythrocytes and consists of some 600 amino acids. A difference in just one amino acid in the structure of hemoglobin—if the amino acid known as glutamic acid is replaced by one called valine—gives rise to Mediterranean anemia. This one incorrect amino acid makes the hemoglobin protein unable to carry oxygen. When a mistake occurs in just one amino acid out of 600, a fatal disease results.

But according to the theory of evolution, all these amino acids came together and arranged themselves by chance. As a result, various types of proteins emerged with thousands of beneficial and superior features and functions. Moreover, every one of these proteins "happens" to fulfill its duties accurately, without being redundant, and in coordination with all the others. It is clearly impossible for coincidences to establish any system that works with such immaculate order and displays such magnificent planning and programming. Coincidences can only give rise to disorder, confusion and chaos. They can never produce machines, products of advanced technology and a superior genius. Clearly, the fact that varieties of amino acid must be set out in a specific number and in a specific order in order to form useful proteins makes the Darwinist claim completely untenable.
This order belongs to Allah alone, Who created the atoms and molecules together with all the living things on Earth.

THE SPECIAL BONDS THAT JOIN AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER The various chemical bonds that join atoms and molecules are classified as ionic, covalent and weak. Covalent bonds hold together the atoms in amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Weak bonds keep the amino acid chain in the three-dimensional form it has assumed through folding. Were it not for weak bonds, the proteins formed by the combination of amino acids could not assume their three-dimensional functional forms. In the absence of proteins, life would not be possible. Interestingly, the temperature range that both covalent and weak bonds require is exactly that is found on Earth. Yet the structures and features of weak and covalent bonds are entirely different from each other. There is no natural reason why they should both need the same temperature level. Nonetheless, both chemical bonds can be established only in the temperature range prevailing on Earth. If covalent bonds and weak functioned at different temperature ranges, then the formation of the proteins would again be impossible, because protein formation depends on these two chemical bonds being established simultaneously. If the temperature range for covalent bonds were not also appropriate for weak bonds, then proteins would not assume its final three-dimensional forms and would remain a meaningless, ineffective chains. In the same way, if covalent bonds could not be formed at the same temperature as weak bonds, the amino acids could not combine and no protein chain could form.

Another precondition must be met for proteins to form: In addition to their correct amino acids being in the proper sequence, they must be correctly bound to one another. This bond between amino acids is literally like a bridge. For each individual protein, the angles at which amino acids will be bound to one another on this bridge, their directions, and the variety and number of atoms within them have all been specially calculated. For example, if two amino acids are joined at an angle different than what it should be, this will prevent the completion of the bridge, and thus prevent the formation of the protein—resulting in an entirely different and useless molecule. These special bridges between amino acids are known as peptide bonds.

Scientists studying the biochemistry knew that almost all the atoms in the molecules in the structure of living things were connected by what's known as a covalent bond. However, researches revealed that amino acids combining to form proteins established a special bond previously undescribed. This is an unchanging rule for all proteins.
In 1902, Hofmeister and Fisher first uncovered the importance of these bonds in the formation of proteins. These two researchers performed a test in order to reveal the existence of this special bond. 8 As a result, they determined the existence of a special bond occurring in proteins.

The most important characteristic distinguishing peptide bonds is that when moistened, they do not dissolve quickly. Peptide bonds can dissolve only at high temperatures when exposed to strong acids or bases for a long period. These peptide bonds allow proteins to be strong and resistant. In order for this special bond to be established a carboxyl group in an amino acid (in other words a special molecule containing carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms) must combine with the amino group in another amino acid (a special molecule containing nitrogen and hydrogen atoms). This establishes an important equilibrium at the connection points along the protein chain. During the formation of these bonds, water is released which constitutes up to 80% of protein molecules.

At this point, you may well ask: While the molecules of all the living things on Earth are joined by a covalent bond, what permits the peptide bond among amino acids? Research has shown that when amino acids combine, only approximately 50% of the bonds that form among them are peptide bonds, the others being attached to one another by other bonds. When attached by these different bonds, no protein molecule emerges.. 9 Just as specific varieties of amino acids must be arranged in specific amounts and in a specific sequence, with each one being left-handed, in order for a protein to form, also there needs to be a peptide bond between them. If just one of these conditions fails to be met, then protein cannot form.

Remember that an average protein molecule contains several hundred amino acids. The odds of any amino acid being attached to another one by a peptide bond is one in two, or 50%.

To summarize what features the amino acid chains must possess for a single protein to form:
1. Of the more than 200 varieties of amino acid in nature, only 20 are found in living organisms. The requisite ones for the protein to be made need to be distinguished and selected from these 200 amino acids.
2. The selected amino acids must all be left-handed, not right-handed.
3. After the proper amino acids have been selected in the correct amounts, they need to be arranged in a particular sequence for protein to be formed.
4. After arranging in the correct sequence, the selected amino acids must be joined together with a peptide bond.
It's clearly impossible to account for even one of these conditions for the formation of a single protein in terms of chance. Therefore, it is completely out of question for several conditions, none of which could have occurred by chance, to combine together (again by chance!) and give rise to a protein.
Molecular biologists have carried out a great many probability studies on the impossibility of proteins forming by chance. These include such well-known scientists as Harold Morowitz, Fred Hoyle, Ilya Prigogine, Hubert Yockey and Robert Sauer. Despite being Darwinists, they have concluded that there is no chance at all of macromolecules like proteins coming into existence spontaneously.

Through a mathematical calculation, you can see for yourself the impossibility of a small protein molecule, 100 amino acids long, coming into being by chance:

The chances of all 100 amino acids in a protein being left-handed as a result of coincidence is approximately (1/2)100, or 1 in 10³⁰. Since there are 20 amino acids in the proteins of living things, the probability of obtaining a special amino acid in any given region of the amino acid chain is 1/20. The probability of obtaining a special protein 100 amino acids long is (1/20)100 or 10¹³⁰. The odds of obtaining a peptide bond in any particular amino acid chain are approximately even, or 1 in 2 (50%). The probability of obtaining a 100-amino acid chain in which all the bonds are peptide is approximately (1/2)100 or 1 in 10³⁰—a probability so small as to be non-existent.
Now, bearing in mind all these probability calculations, let's compute the likelihood of a chain in which all the bonds are peptide, in which all the 100 amino acids are left-handed, and in which the amino acids are arranged in the proper sequence for a particular protein coming into existence by chance. That probability is approximately 1 in 10¹⁹⁰. Even if we allowed a period as long as the age of the Earth for such an event to occur, in practical terms there is no chance of its happening. Moreover, if you recall that in mathematical terms, a probability of 1 in 10⁵⁰ is zero, we can see that no such thing can ever take place. Indeed, considering that the number 10¹⁹⁰ actually contains four 10⁵⁰s, the impossibility becomes even more apparent (10⁵⁰ times 10⁵⁰ times 10⁵⁰ times 10⁴⁰ = 10¹⁹⁰). In the light of these findings, the world's famous biochemist Michael Behe has stated that the probability of a protein 100 amino acids long being obtained is even less than that of being able to find a marked grain of sand in the Sahara Desert (which is 8.6 million square kilometers in size) with one's eyes closed. 10

Professor Michael Behe has stated that the odds of obtaining an appropriate sequence in a protein 100 amino acids long are even smaller than those of finding a marked grain of sand in the Sahara Desert with your eyes shut. This example alone is an indication that proteins were created by Allah.

Given that it's totally impossible for even a single protein to come into being by chance, it's evidently illogical to claim that all the thousands of varieties of functioning proteins in living structures could have formed by chance and given rise to cells. In addition, it is not only proteins that make up the body of a cell. The cell also consists of other organic molecules created with a superior consciousness, and are organized with that same matchless planning.

Every stage of protein formation reveals the presence of consciousness, information, will, intellect, power and planning.These features belong to our Lord, a Superior Creator. Those who believe in the creative powers of other entities apart from Allah—or of chance, which is helpless and lacks the power to create anything—make a terrible error and have gone badly astray.

In one verse Allah reveals:
The physical, chemical and biological properties of proteins, and the resulting functions they perform, determine the type of amino acids in their structures, their sequence, and the arrangement in these amino acids' side chains.
Proteins may have a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure.

A primary structure emerges from straight amino acid chains. A proteins in a primary structure is not functional, but when added to one of secondary, tertiary or quaternary structures, it may play a role in bodily processes. The secondary structure forms with the long amino acid assuming a spiral form. Proteins such as actin, myosin, fibrinogen, keratin and b-keratin exhibit a secondary structure. Proteins with a tertiary structure emerge within the amino acid chain folds and bends, resulting in a structure reminiscent of a ball of wool.

The quaternary structure emerges from two or more amino acid chains of equal or different length.

Detailing the features of these different structures and the functions they bestow on proteins can help you see the superior Creation with which these molecules were brought into being.

Of course, you can find similar information about protein structure in any biology or biochemistry text. The reason why we consider these matters here is to show how truly complex and interrelated are the structures, effects and systems that give rise to proteins. Darwinists describe the "spontaneous" formation of a protein as if the process were very simple and quite able to accommodate coincidences. Only by concealing the exceedingly complex structure in proteins do they hope to make the myth of chance convincing. In describing the structure of proteins, therefore, they imply that proteins can easily be formed by amino acids binding to one another, like beads on a necklace. In fact, however, as is clear from this account so far, that even if amino acids could combine with one another at random, a number of other conditions need to be fulfilled. In the event that these are not useful, proteins cannot form.

When you read the information that follows, therefore, recall that coincidences cannot make fine planning or calculations, much less bind amino acids to one another with special structures and methods.
Proteins' Primary Structure: Amino Acid Sequence

The most important determinant of proteins' forms, which are exceedingly important for life, is the sequence of the amino acids that constitute them. Abnormalities in amino acid sequences are the cause of many genetic diseases. From that perspective, the correct sequence of amino acids, is of the greatest importance for health.

The amino acid sequence serves like a backbone for proteins, and the backbone, or sequence, of each variety of protein has been created specially for it. Just as the backbone determines the shape of a vertebrate's body, so the sequence of proteins determine their shape. Every amino acid is analogous to a vertebra in that backbone. Just as every vertebra must be in a specific place in order for the body to function, so every amino acid must be in a specific position for proteins to display certain properties. Though the functions carried out by the "spine" in proteins are similar to those in our bodies, there is one important difference: Protein backbones operate in an area of just one millionth of a millimeter. No doubt, a structure able to operate an important function in such a small space is most miraculous.

Just like the spine and vertebrae in your own body, proteins and amino acids have been specially created to attach to one another in the best possible manner. Their flawless attachment is just as important to proteins as it is to the body. If one amino acid does not bind to the next in an appropriate sequence, then the entire protein loses its function. Reflect a little, and you can discern the delicate and conscious Creation here.

The proteins' primary structures emerge with the amino acids being strung out like beads on a necklace.

Miraculous events take place constantly inside all the 100 trillion cells in the human body. In an area of one thousandth of a millimeter, too small to be seen with the naked eye, thousands of proteins comprising the cell, and the hundreds of amino acids that form these proteins, are all in exactly the right positions. That applies to all the billions of human beings on Earth. Contrary to what Darwinists would have you believe, this extraordinary phenomenon is not the work of chance. In addition, never forget that amino acids are not conscious entities with sensory organs and the ability to think, but tiny molecules made up of specific combinations of unconscious atoms. That being so, Who is it Who decides how the proteins necessary for life will come about, and which amino acid are to bind where? Could the various atoms have come to a joint decision one day and said "Let us combine in a particular order and make up an amino acid. Then let us agree with other atoms com prising other amino acids to arrange ourselves in a particular sequence to produce a protein"? Of course, such a claim would be utterly illogical.

Just as unconscious atoms can possess no such ability, neither can proteins or the amino acids that compose them possess any such decision-making mechanism. Allah locates all these entities in the appropriate positions, brings the building blocks of living cells into being, and creates life—flawless and of infinite variety—by means of these cells. Allah is Lord of all the worlds, from atoms to giant galaxies.

When amino acids are bound by hydrogen bonds as well as to peptide bonds, the protein chain assumes a helix or layered form, known as the protein's secondary structure.

After the amino acids necessary for a protein line up alongside one another, other miraculous events take place. Along with the peptide bond that every amino acid sets up with the amino acid next to it, hydrogen bonds also form. How these bonds form determines the shape and position that amino acids will assume along the sequence.

Under some circumstances—for instance, when hydrogen bonds form within the chain—the amino acid forms a spiral structure. When amino acids establish weak bonds with an amino acid outside that chain, then layered structures form, reminiscent of the steps on a staircase.

Proteins whose chains assume a spiral form resemble the springs in mattress or automobile seat and, just like them they twist around a central axis. The proteins in hair, and myosin, a protein in muscles, possess this spiral structure and as a result, are elastic because hydrogen bonds can easily break and reform just as easily.
The discovery of the effects of hydrogen bonds on body proteins has resulted in various applications in daily life. For example, to straighten curly hair or put curls into straight hair, the hydrogen bonds between the amino acids in hair proteins must be broken and reconstituted. 11 Proteins in layered form with a secondary staircase structure are not as flexible as those arranged in a spiral structure. They do, however, permit the formation of structures that bend, one very important requirement of living things. For example, proteins like the silk fibers in cocoons and spider webs are set out parallel and form chains bound to one another with hydrogen bonds. Because the peptide atoms are bound perpendicularly to the protein chain, the spine of these proteins bends up and down like a strand of yarn. 12

The picture to the side shows the structure of myosin, a muscle protein with a secondary structure. Myosin has a spiral structure and is therefore elastic, and the hydrogen bonds formed between the amino acids can be broken.

In living things, the folds in proteins are always exactly where they need to be. If fibroins, the proteins in spider webs, lacked the ability to bend, then the webs would serve no purpose. But this protein's structure provides the web with a resilience that keeps prey from escaping. And spider silk is five times stronger than steel of the same thickness (1/1,000th of a millimeter in diameter). 13

As you see, proteins' structures have been designed flawlessly and incomparably for the survival of living things, right down to the finest detail. Even if all the atoms in the universe were placed at its disposal, blind coincidence could never operate with such foresight and perform such impeccable calculations. No chain of atoms that comes into being by chance can possess the information, intellect or ability to organize every atom in such a way that the spider web becomes most efficient.

After proteins assume their secondary structures, they adopt new shapes by bending, folding and making sudden turns. In this way the tertiary structure emerges.

After assuming the forms in their secondary structures, proteins begin to assume new shapes by bending, folding, or even making sudden U-turns under the influence of amino acids that approach or move away from one another. This bending and folding is enabled by the mutual effects between amino acids' side chains. In this way emerge three-dimensional forms of great functionality. So how does this bending process, the result of these mutual effects, occur?

In proteins, the side chains of amino acids attract or repel one another as a result of various influences. Five major agents play a role in this repulsion and attraction: hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds, ionic bonds, Van der Wallis forces and other polar and non-polar effects of the side chains.

Thanks to these special bonds, some sections of amino acids draw closer to one another. The amino acid chain folds over itself. Proteins bend at the appropriate sites and angles. The three-dimensional form of the protein is stabilized and kept from dissolving in the extracellular environment.

Experiments have shown these bonds to be of crucial importance. Every one of them permits the protein molecule to bend in exactly the desired manner in various sites along its length. For example, disulphide bonds form only in specific regions of the protein molecule, but permit a particular bending in those regions and to the exact extent required. In a similar way, other forces act on amino acid regions to cause certain sections of the chain to approach one another, or to move away. The absence of any one of these necessary folds and curves will render the protein useless.

The three-dimensional structure of the protein myoglobin, shown to reveal its complexity. It is impossible for a flawless structure able to fulfill such important functions to have come into being by chance.

The picture to the side shows the three-dimensional form of the protein myoglobin and the peptide groups among the atoms.

These bonds essential to protein formation are different from other powerful bonds. Proteins' curved three-dimensional forms cannot arise through other powerful chemical forces because the strength of the bond formed would cause the molecules to approach one another too closely and thus cause the protein to lose its properties. Therefore, these bonds whose features and strengths have already been identified are at the ideal strength to let the proteins to bend.
Thanks to these bonds, the protein process is also speeded up. As the well-known biologist James D. Watson explains:
Enzyme-substrate complexes can be both made and broken apart rapidly as a result of random thermal movement. This fact explains why enzymes can function so quickly, sometimes as often as 106 times per second. If enzymes were bound to their substrates by more powerful bonds, they would act much more slowly. 14
To dramatize the bending of the protein chain in its timing, location, direction and angle, consider the Japanese art of origami, or paper folding. In order to obtain a three-dimensional "sculpture," a two-dimensional piece of paper is subjected to consecutive creasing and folding operations. By following predetermined instructions, you can fold a flat, rectangular sheet of copier paper into a model of a ship or a bird. In much the same way, for a protein to assume a three-dimensional form, its amino acid chain must fold at specific intervals and specific angles, in specific lengths and directions.

The bends in the protein chain are the work of a conscious system. If you fold a sheet of paper into the 3-D model of a bird by following the instructions, even one incorrect fold will keep your origami bird from emerging. Naturally, the necessary folds in any protein are much more complex, and could never come about by chance.

In origami, it is impossible to obtain the three dimensional forms by random folding. For every model that will be obtained, experts have designed in advance which part of the paper is to be folded in which order and in which way. A single fold out of sequence, in the wrong direction or the wrong length will prevent the desired shape from emerging, and the resulting form will be defective and impaired. (For instance, miss out one fold while making a paper airplane, and the plane's wing will fail to emerge at the proper angle, due to that single faulty fold.)
When it comes to proteins, however, the situation is far more detailed. One single sequence error or faulty combination in just one amino acid will cause the protein molecule to assume a faulty shape that will not function. For instance, the spherical shape of the protein myoglobin is responsible for the transport of oxygen in the muscles. When impaired, its length can becomes 20 times greater than its width, and it becomes unable to carry oxygen molecules. 15 On their own or even together, amino acids cannot undertake vital functions inside the body. But through these folds and curves, they acquire enormous potential, in the same way that a sheet flat piece of paper assumes the shape of a ship or bird through planning, design, and conscious bending and folding. Remember, a protein's structure is a great deal more complex and organized than the most sophisticated origami. Even though the protein molecule is too small to be seen with the naked eye—or even under an electron microscope!--the atoms arranged into such a minute space are first set out according to a planned goal and then bent and folded—again in line with that goal All these features are far more extraordinary and astonishing than in any arrangement you may see around you.

In these most minute building blocks of life there is absolutely no room for chance formation. For such a flawless, complex, multi-stage and multi-component structure in order to come into being by chance is manifestly impossible. Moreover, this description is merely a simplified summary of the countless details regarding proteins' structure. More detailed investigations reveal still more complex features of these protein molecules, and a great many questions have still not been fully answered to this day.

The Quaternary Structure of Proteins: Combined Proteins

Imagine a desk with several telephones on it, whose cords all become tangled up with one another. At first sight, it appears impossible to determine which cord belongs to which phone. Proteins, too, also intertwine with one another in very complex ways.

Proteins combine together by means of complex folds, giving rise to their quaternary structure.

Many proteins become able to perform their functions only after combining with one another. However, in order for proteins to combine into giant molecules, very delicate balances have to be established. If two proteins are to combine, their shapes must be as suited to one another as a hand to a glove. Think of jigsaw puzzles as an example of this essential compatibility. If the curves and extensions of one single piece do not match the next, then completing the picture will be impossible. The same applies to proteins. If the bonds of just one protein is not correct, the giant combined molecule will serve no purpose. 16
Furthermore, if combined proteins are to discharge their functions, it is also essential that they come together in the right numbers. The hormone insulin is an example. This protein organizes the giving of the order to store excess sugar in the bloodstream by the combination of more than one amino acid chain. Any flaw in the insulin molecule's structure will make it useless and cause the individual to suffer from diabetes. When insulin fails to function, the sugars that enter the bloodstream are excreted without being fully metabolized or stored against future need. As a result there can be insufficient sugar in the blood, and the cells' energy requirements are not met. In such a situation, weakness and even death are inevitable.

For proteins to combine and produce giant molecules, they must be compatible with one another and be able to fit like the pieces of a jigsaw.

Similarly, there must not be a single error in the structure or form of any single protein in any of the 200 or so types of cell in your body. Every stage of this formation is planned and acted upon according to the last stage in it, in other words, the target information. Only when the hormone adrenalin—a protein secreted by the adrenal glands—has the correct structure can the heart and muscle cells recognize it and be stimulated into action, to protect the body against physical and psychological stress. In the same way, all the enzyme proteins in our bodies can carry out their functions—such as cell division, energy production, molecule transport and a great many more—only thanks to the shape they possess.

Biochemists use modern-day technology to research these molecules of life. Every new piece of amazing formation they obtain has revealed this incomparable Creation even further, and demonstrated the illogicality of claims that chance could "evolve" such a system. By a most defective logic, Darwinists believe in coincidences as a creative deity and claim that structures with such a complex and superior system came into being as a result of chance. Only sincere, rational individuals of good conscience are able to see the truth, Allah reveals us in the Qur'an:

Proteins, which are of vital importance to the survival of living things, are produced by a flawless organization in the cell, whose complexity and regularity cannot be compared with any other production system.

In this complex system, there is no room for the slightest error. A flaw arising at any stage is corrected immediately, thanks to a reliable control system. In this way the proteins that permit the living organism to survive are manufactured in exactly the right forms and locations, with no disruptions arising.
Protein production takes place at a miraculous speed. For example, the E. coli bacterium synthesizes a protein molecule bearing 100 amino acids in only 5 seconds. No factory on Earth is able to complete a flawless production process so rapidly. This speed is of great importance, because for life to be maintained, the cells need new proteins every moment. 17 During protein production, a great many proteins act together. All the components necessary for protein production work flawlessly together in the cells. More than 80 ribosome proteins, more than 20 amino acid messenger molecules, more than a dozen helper enzymes, over 40 RNA molecules, and more than 100 enzymes that carry out the final processes,—a total of around 300 macromolecules—play a coordinated role in protein synthesis. 18 This flawless production, which even a team of engineers would have trouble coordinating, maintains life in a space just 1,000th of a millimeter in size, through the actions of hundreds of much smaller molecules. In the event that a single one of those molecules fails, the entire production chain is ruined. This indicates that protein production is one of the irreducibly complex processes in living things. In an irreducibly complex system, if only one of its components is removed, then the entire structure is ruined. For example, if only one protein fails to emerge, that puts an end to production of new proteins. The existence of such a planned and communal consciousness is possible only by Allah's Creation.

In the pages following, you can read some astonishing details in this miracle of Creation, whose every stage embodies great information and conscious organization. But first, let us remind you that the production elements you'll be reading about are organelles and molecules inside the cell. When we examine these molecules' structure, amino acids emerge—smaller molecules in other words—and the unconscious, inanimate atoms that comprise them. With an intellect and consciousness one would never expect from them, these combinations of atoms such as carbon, oxygen and nitrogen carry out processes far beyond the capacities of human beings.

But what makes unconscious atoms carry out conscious actions? What makes these atoms more efficient than chemistry professors? This achievement, to be explained out in the following pages, is due to inanimate atoms and unconscious molecules behaving under the Might of Allah, Who regulates all things from Heavens to Earth.
Whenever the body needs any protein, a message expressing that need is transmitted to the DNA molecule in the nucleus of cells that will carry out that protein's production. Whenever need for any protein arises in the body, various messenger proteins can locate the exact location where they have to go inside the darkness of the body and can transmit the message to the exact correct place and in the right form. The protein that establishes that communication reaches its location without becoming lost and without causing any harm to any part of the body. Clearly every component shows a great awareness of its responsibilities.

The diagram to the top shows the structure of DNA, our bodies' data bank. Any DNA molecule consists of four different nucleotides set out consecutively in varying sequences. These molecules' sequence contains the code regarding the protein structures used by all living things.

When the message arrives, the cell nucleus creates protein following a series of most complex and organized processes. The protein request reaches the correct cells among the 100 trillion or so in the body. The cells receiving the message understand what is required and immediately go to work. Eventually, a flawless protein is obtained— all astonishing phenomena, because we are discussing not a community of conscious, intelligent human beings possessed of free will, but rather minute entities consisting of such substances as phosphorus, carbon and fat. These molecules themselves do not possess the power and free will. Like all molecules, they display conscious behavior to identify, understand and communicate by acting in accord with the special inspiration with which Allah endows them.

Once the order has been received, first the information regarding the protein whose production is required is taken from the DNA.
Data regarding all of our bodies' functions is stored in the DNA molecule within the cell nucleus. When a protein is to be produced, the information regarding that protein is taken from DNA. However, the DNA must correctly understand the data concerning that protein and also provide the correct information. When chemists want to produce a compound, they make an oral or written request for all the raw materials they will need. Similarly, a special language is used in order to request a protein formula from DNA, in a language with an alphabet consisting of four letters.

The DNA molecule consists of four different nucleotides, set out in different sequences. These nucleotides are referred to by the initials of their base molecules; A (adenine), B (guanine), C (cytosine) and T (thiamin). The sequence of these molecules establishes the structures of all the proteins used by a living thing. The information in every human being's DNA about the proteins that determine his own characteristics—so much information that it could fill a library of encyclopedias—is written in a four-letter alphabet.
That enough information to fill hundreds of encyclopedias is encoded in a space smaller than 1,000th of a millimeter is truly extraordinary. Written out, this information would fill a thousand 500-page encyclopedias—nearly 20 times as long as the Encyclopedia Britannica. 19 Computer chips have been designed with very high data storage capacities, and high-cost research is being performed to increase that capacity with different coding systems. But the protein data in the DNA molecule has been encoded in a manner incomparably superior to any technology yet produced. 20 Such flawless data storage could not have come into existence by chance. For life to continue, processes inside the cell must not be disrupted, its needs must be accurately met, with the correct proteins being produced. Therefore, after the message is received concerning which protein needs to be produced, the correct information must be selected and taken from the DNA. But Who makes that selection?

When a protein is to be produced, the enzyme RNA polymerase selects and copies the necessary data from the DNA. What we refer to as an enzyme, a collection of atoms, displays consciousness in a truly miraculous way.

This vitally important selection is not made by a scientist capable of seeing and hearing, with years of education followed by years of scientific experience, but by a molecule consisting of unconscious molecules. The enzyme RNA polymerase, another protein with a perfect structure, carries out this essential selection. This enzyme performs an exceptionally difficult job. First, it must select the requisite letters for the protein to be produced from among the 3 billion in the DNA molecule. The way that the polymerase enzyme extracts a few lines of information from inside the DNA molecule's 3 billion letters is analogous to quickly finding a few lines of information hidden in a 1,000-volume encyclopedia, but with no description of it.

The truly extraordinary data contained in DNA is equivalent to a 20-volume encyclopaedia condensed into an area of less than 1 nanometer, or 1 billionth of a meter. It is impossible for human to conceive of such a data-storage system, let alone manufacture one. Thanks to computer technology, microchips have been manufactured to store data, but they have nowhere near the capacity of DNA.

Including the worldwide Human Genome Project, hundreds of the world's most eminent scientists, in laboratories equipped with the most advanced technology have been working to read part of the information in human DNA. They have been able to read a large part of it, but have still not determined which letters are used for which protein or gene. Nonetheless, at every moment, trillions of RNA polymerase enzymes in the 100 trillion cells in your body are able to read the information in DNA from the beginning to the end and, moreover, to extract it in an error-free manner. This task requires competence, intelligence, information and research. What performs it at enormous speed is a molecule, a combination of unconscious atoms. Astonishingly, Darwinists claim that such a system came into being by coincidence, under the effects of lightning on primordial tide pools.

Humans have been using the most advanced technology for years, but only managed to decipher DNA in 2000. Yet proteins invisible to the naked eye have been using DNA constantly, flawlessly for billions of years.

After the polymerase enzyme has found in the DNA molecule information regarding the protein to be produced, it must now exhibit another sign of consciousness and ability, by copying this information to the site of production.

For the copying process to start, one major hurdle must be overcome. The strands of DNA twine around one another like a spiral staircase and must be separated before the copying process can begin. During this process, the RNA polymerase enzyme again goes into action. First the RNA polymerase binds to 35 letters from the beginning of the gene to be coded, and opens up the various stages of the DNA helix just like a zipper. This opening up takes place so very quickly that there is a danger of the DNA heating up because friction. Yet thanks to a system of finely regulated precautions, even this danger has been eliminated: A special enzyme attaches to the two ends of the opened DNA helix and prevents friction from taking place. Other special enzymes prevent the DNA rejoining again during opening.

Were it not for Allah’s miraculous Creation of these enzymes, the order requisition known as messenger RNA could not be copied. Before the copying process began, the arms of the DNA spirals would wind around one another again, and friction would damage the DNA structure. As you have seen, dozens of proteins and enzymes are involved in every stage of the operation, and all perform their functions in the greatest harmony.

Never forget the agents involved, both enzymes and proteins, are unconscious molecules made up of specific quantities of atoms. By Allah’s will, every one of these molecules discharges its own functions in line with superior knowledge and a sense of responsibility.

After these special precautions are taken, a few more obstacles are still to be overcome. For one thing, information regarding the amino acid sequence of the protein to be produced may be located in any region of the long DNA molecule. What will the polymerase enzyme do to copy codes indicated in different areas of the amino acid string? It cannot tear the DNA apart and throw away the unwanted sections. If it continues along the same path, it will end up copying unwanted data and the desired protein will not form.

To resolve this difficulty, an extraordinarily conscious phenomenon now takes place. As if the DNA were aware that it had to assist the copying process, it bends and presents to the outside the region containing the unwanted information. In this way, codes that need to be read consecutively but which have other codes between them are able to come together from distant parts of the sequence. The codes to be copied thus form a single line, so that the polymerase enzyme can easily copy the order for the protein to be produced.

FAULTY COPYING CAUSES CANCER Research into bladder cancer has revealed that proteins wrongly produced in a cell play a major role in cancer. Genes copied incorrectly during the DNA copying process lead to the production of incorrect proteins. Faulty copying in the single stage in a special 5,000-step gene in the DNA impair the entire cell. [Robert A. Weinberg, One Renegade Cell, How Cancer Begins, New York: Basic Books (1st Edition) 1998, p. 42] By using flawed data to produce proteins, these faulty genes damage the cell rather than benefiting it.

To eliminate unwanted codes, a different method is sometimes employed. The RNA polymerase enzyme copies the entire gene from beginning to end, including the unnecessary codes. Then, spliceosome enzymes arrive to bend the unnecessary codes and eject them in ring form. To make this happen, these enzymes have to compare the prescription they carry with the information copied from the DNA and identify the unnecessary elements. Were you given two long lists of letters and asked to identify the superfluous ones among them, you would have to examine each list very carefully and check it against the other, line by line. For that reason, you should not be deceived by reading "it selects," "vends," or "ejects" in any biology textbook or documentary. What is actually doing the comparing, identifying, examining, distinguishing, selecting, bending and ejecting is unconscious substances, that consist of inanimate materials such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphate, under the command of Allah.

	Original DNA
	RNA transcript
	The component to be detached is identified.
	Detachment
	Joining
The information determining any one protein may sometimes be found in different places in DNA. Enzymes known as sliceosomes then arrive and bend the chain in such a way that the two ends of the unwanted DNA region touch. This "loop" is removed and discarded. In order to do this, enzymes need to display enormous conscious brainpower. They must be careful to flawlessly identify and eliminate the appropriate genes from the millions in the helix. How a small molecule of unconscious atoms can display such intelligence shows the perfection of Almighty Allah's Creation.

This is by no means the end of the amazing and extraordinary events that take place during the copying of the order requisition from the DNA. The copying units also have to be halted, or else the polymerase enzyme will copy the gene from beginning to end. At the end of the protein encoding gene is a codon that indicates that its finish. (Every group of three nucleotides making up the code in DNA is known as a codon.) When the RNA polymerase comes to a codon, it understands that it has to cease copying and it separates from the DNA and messenger RNA carrying the necessary message for the protein. At this point, however, it still acts with the greatest care. The messenger RNA must leave the cell nucleus and travel an extremely long way until it reaches the ribosome where production will take place. In the process, the message it carries must come to no harm. Therefore, it emerges from the cell nucleus under the protection of certain special enzymes.
Once the necessary information for protein production has been found and copied from the cell's DNA, that information must now reach the ribosomes where the protein will be produced. These organelles, present in every cell, are rather a long distance from the DNA in the nucleus and are distributed throughout all the cytoplasm (the fluid in the cell). The production orders have to be rushed to these factories in a flawlessly accurate manner. Messenger RNA (mRNA) heads straight for the ribosome without losing its way among the many organelles and molecules in the cell. When it finds the ribosome, the mRNA settles in a line on its outer surface. In this way, information regarding the amino acid sequences of the protein to be manufactured reaches the production center in the correct form. The copied mRNA also carries information about what it must do to produce a protein, when the process needs to start and finish. Therefore, when this command reaches the ribosome, messages begin to be sent to other regions of the cell to bring to the ribosome those amino acids necessary for the protein's manufacture. 21

The information determining the protein to be produced leaves the cell nucleus with the mRNA and arrives at the ribosome, where manufacture will take place, in other words. At this point, the tRNAs begin bringing the necessary materials to the ribosome.

At this point in the production of protein, one of the miracles of perfect organization takes place.

After the RNA carrying the protein data reaches the ribosome, another form of RNA, transport RNA (or tRNA) enters the equation—a molecule specially produced according to information in the DNA. Since these RNAs are charged solely with transporting to the ribosomes those amino acids to be used as raw materials in the production of protein they are known as transporters. These RNAs are like forklifts carrying raw materials for production inside a factory. Yet in the delivery system of these RNAs, there is one very different property.
As already mentioned, there are 20 varieties of amino acids, or raw material, in every living cell. Each of these 20 amino acids is carried by a transporter peculiar to itself. 22 The bonding of amino acids to the tRNA that will transport them takes place as a result of a series of complex processes. A special enzyme activates every variety of amino acid and also permits the amino acid to bond to the tRNA. This means that the enzyme (amino acid synthetase) must possess structures to let it attach to both the amino acid and to the tRNA.

At every stage, as you have seen, there are many components with interconnected processes and functions. In the absence of just one of these, the ensuing damage will make survival impossible. For example, if these special enzymes did not exist to activate the amino acids and bind them to the tRNA, those amino acids needed for protein synthesis would not reach the ribosome. Therefore, the entire system must have been designed beforehand and created together with the specifics of all the materials it requires.

Every amino acid that the tRNA brings to the ribosome must be processed in specific locations in the production line determined by the mRNA. Throughout the entire process, if even a single amino acid is processed in an incorrect unit, the protein molecule will become useless. Yet this process takes place in a flawless manner in all living cells. Every tRNA engaged in delivery carries its amino acid to the site specified in the production order, ensuring that the function is not disrupted. As you know, the production order is recorded in the mRNA. This behavior reveals the perfect conception of discipline, consciousness and responsibility in these unconscious molecules—a striking indication that each and every one has submitted to Allah, the Omniscient and Almighty, and acts under His control.

During protein synthesis, the alphabet making up the DNA needs to be translated into an alphabet that manufactures protein. For example, the writing at left must be translated into the "protein language" on the right.

The requisition order—the information regarding the protein to be produced—and the raw materials are now ready. The order has been transmitted to all the machines along the production line, but another problem now needs to be resolved. The production data, or order, is written down in a special language in the DNA, and production must take place according to the information in this special language. However, the sequences of the amino acids to be used as raw materials are written in a different language.

We can express this problem in the following analogy. The written instruction in the "requisition docket" is the language of the code comprising the DNA, written in a special alphabet consisting of four letters. But since 20 varieties of amino acid make up the proteins, the language of the proteins to be produced is different, consisting of a 20-letter alphabet. In short, the production information from the DNA is not in a language the amino acids can understand. In order for them to understand which amino acid the DNA information refers to, the DNA language has to be translated into the requisition language.
The ribosome factory has been equipped with a mechanism that resolves this problem in the best way. A translation system between the two languages has been created in the ribosome "factory." This translation system, known as the codon-anticodon method, works just like an expert translator, in a manner far superior to the most advanced present-day computers, translating the special DNA language written in a four-letter alphabet into the protein language consisting of 20 letters. In this way, it expresses which amino acids are to be placed alongside one another, and eventually the desired protein emerges in its correct form. The perfection in this translation process, whose details we shall examine in due course, is most noteworthy. There can be room for only one or two errors in the production of proteins essential for the life of the cell. No manmade technology can translate and write down the equivalent of 2,000 novels in such an error-free and flawless manner. 23 Thanks to this method, the translation system permits amino acids to join together and work without any mistakes. The mRNA that first transports and installs the order information in the combining center in the ribosome comes together with the tRNA that carries amino acid on one of its ends. Every three letters in the mRNA are regarded as a codon, or a lock. The tRNA's three-dimensional structure resembles a plus sign and is bound to the amino acid being carried on its upper end. An anticodon—a key able to open the tRNA lock—moves opposite it. Thanks to this special translation system used by the ribosome, proteins are produced in a flawless chain.
So that it can work in the best way together with this translation system, helper molecules on the ribosome's surface work together in complete coordination. These molecules are special RNAs sent to the production center and proteins, most of them specialized. 24 The most important of these is ribosomal RNA, which lets information brought to the ribosome by the messenger RNA to be understood and read in a different language. During the error-free translation process, each one of these prepared mechanisms works in a flawless manner for the correct protein to emerge.

For the DNA language to turn into protein information, mRNA and tRNA come together like a lock and key. Every three letters in the mRNA are analogous to a lock. The bottom of the tRNA that serves as the key to open it moves exactly opposite this "lock."

During production, doubtless the most important process is the flawless combining of amino acids. We may summarize the events that take place during this combination process thus:
During the combining process, these events do not need to occur at specific time intervals, though all the processes take place at a great speed. In general, for example, the mRNA thread continues copying the order while its other end is still attached to the DNA, continuing the translation process from the other end. 25 Indeed, a single mRNA thread can attach to several ribosomes or "factories" from different points to begin production, and can continue to place the order. In the same way, the mRNA can copy orders for proteins in more than one region of the DNA at the same time. 26 Performing this exceedingly complex multi-stage process in several places simultaneously without a single mistake calls for enormous care and competence. How many tasks can a rational, conscious human handle at the same time? How many products can he supervise at once? Answer these questions, and you can more clearly understand the abilities possessed by a mRNA molecule.
Now, could this process have come into being by chance? Could millions of unconscious atoms have planned a system requiring such intelligence, identified the chance of natural events they needed to take place and then have waited for these circumstances to occur? Even if all the atoms in the universe were brought together, no matter what physical and chemical processes this assemblage collection was subjected to, still atoms devoid of consciousness, information and will could not have come up with such a system.

Furthermore, that organization does not end there. Once protein production has been carried out, the final step is to check whether the ordering and other features of the emerging amino acid chain are those of the desired protein.

As you now know, the slightest error in the needed proteins leads to many dysfunctional mechanisms in the cell. The cell is unable to survive and in many such cases, this leads to serious illnesses. Many diseases are genetic in origin, arising from errors in one or more of these protein-synthesizing phases. However, as if they were consciously aware of these processes' importance, the cells behave with great care and check the proteins over and over again at various stages during synthesis. 27 During the production of a single protein, the necessary quality control is carried out by several proteins. These enzymes are just like the quality-control department in a factory: Each enzyme must possess detailed information about the protein under construction and be aware of every stage of the production process, or it cannot satisfactorily check the emerging result. The interesting fact, however, is that proteins themselves—with no free will of their own—perform these quality control-checks. These molecules have no knowledge or means of recognition. Indeed, they themselves can exist only if the system is functioning in an ordered manner. How can proteins consisting of unconscious atoms carry out this control process? Answers to these questions are plain to see. Each atom behaves according to the form and structure created for it by Allah.
After all these control checks are completed, the proteins are ready for use and will head straight for wherever they're to be employed. These valuable protein molecules must be transported to that location without suffering any damage. But how?
The answer to that question has not yet been fully understood. From what is known so far, this process is astonishingly complex. 28

After the protein has been manufactured, intense activity continues inside the cell. The protein is either removed from the cell by a special transporter and is sent to where it will be used in the body, or else is deposited in the Golgi bodies, to be stored until needed.

If proteins produced inside the cell were deposited where they are made, all that constant production would go to waste. However, just as in all other living systems, there is a flawless perfection in the transport of proteins. As a result, every new protein produced is carried by a special means to where it will either be used or else stored for later use. For example, different varieties of proteins—those to be dispatched outside the cell, those to be used in the mitochondria (the organelles responsible for producing energy), and those to be used in the nucleus—are all carried to their destinations by different mechanisms and routes known as protein targeting systems. 29
These system's knowledge of which protein is to go where is a miracle all by itself. The determination of the means of transport according to the destination, packaging, and the support from enzymes to keep the protein from damage en route—all are feats that create utter amazement.
These system's knowledge of which protein is to go where is a miracle all by itself. The determination of the means of transport according to the destination, packaging, and the support from enzymes to keep the protein from damage en route—all are feats that create utter amazement.The Nobel Prize winners Günter Blobel and George Palade spent many years researching this subject. They were amazed to discover that the newly produced proteins use a special amino acid sequence to be able to reach their destinations, and that once they do so, they separate from this so-called signal sequence. 30 The protein setting out with the aid of this signal needs a great deal of help on its journey. Inside the cell, many newly produced proteins encounter molecular mechanisms, some of which hold on to the protein and transport it where it needs to go. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies are examples of the important organelles that direct the protein where it has to go. For example, after the protein garbageaseis manufactured, it travels a distance of about one ten-thousandth of an inch (0.00025 of a centimeter). On this journey from the cytoplasm to the lysosome, dozens of different proteins are needed to ensure its security. 31
While you sit reading this website, how busy are all the cells in your body performing all these tasks! You feel no movement, even though trillions of cells in your body carry out this production, each one using hundreds of mechanisms.
Moreover, this entire production, whose general lines have taken many pages to describe, occurs in only 10 seconds, or two minutes at most. And remember, this system operates within an area too small to be seen with the naked eye. Darwinist scientists who claim, in the face of the fact of Creation, that the proteins that enable life came into being by chance, know that in fact, the concept of chance cannot explain such vast complexity.
The evolutionist biologist Professor Muammer Bilge describes the Darwinist despair in the face of this system that works too perfectly as to leave any room for chance:
We may say that the protein synthesis industry is carried out with an organizational perfection and flawless foresight inside the cell, which is able to produce these outcomes when necessary, creates no danger or damage to itself, and never goes down a one-way street . . . Everything in the cell happens like this. But how is it managed? How is it achieved? We are still unable to understand. We merely see the results and have only been able to distinguish a few points of this perfect organization that yields them. 32 In the face of the extraordinary systems they encounter during their observations and research, Darwinist scientists invariably employ similar expressions, such as "a flawless foresight" or "organizational perfection." Yet their own theory cannot account for this flawlessness and perfection. They themselves are well aware of this, which is why they express their despair by saying they are "still unable to understand" how these extraordinary events take place. Clearly, however, unconscious atoms themselves cannot set up and maintain such a perfect organization. Every atom behaves under the inspiration, intellect and might of Allah.

An Important Truth Revealed by Protein Synthesis

The manufacture of a single protein molecule requires hundreds of different proteins and enzymes. In addition to these, many molecules and ions stand ready and waiting. That being so, how could the very first protein have come into being?

Three-dimensional view of a protein

This is one of the most crucial impasses facing Darwinists, as the biologist Carly P. Haskings described in an article in American Scientist:
. . . But the most sweeping evolutionary questions at the level of biochemical genetics are still unanswered. How the genetic code first appeared and then evolved and, earlier even than that, how life itself originated on earth remain for the future to resolve . . . . The fact that in all organisms living today, the processes both of replication of the DNA and of the effective translation of its code require highly precise enzymes and that, at the same time the molecular structures of those same enzymes are precisely specified by the DNA itself, poses a remarkable evolutionary mystery. . . . Did the code and the means of translating it appear simultaneously in evolution? It seems almost incredible that any such coincidence could have occurred, given the extraordinary complexities of both sides and the requirement that they be coordinated accurately for survival. By a pre-Darwinian (or a skeptic of evolution after Darwin), this puzzle would surely have been interpreted as the most powerful sort of evidence for special Creation. 33 As this scientist states, for protein synthesis to come about, all the systems inside the cell have to exist simultaneously. In the absence of just one component in this system, proteins cannot be produced, and life cannot continue. But as Haskings admits, in the absence of one component, the others clearly cannot form at all.
Allah has created all living things together with all their systems. He reveals His flawless Creation in the Qur'an as thus:
He is Allah—the Creator, the Maker, the Giver of Form. To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names. Everything in the heavens and Earth glorifies Him. He is the Almighty, the All-Wise. (Surat al-Hashr: 24)